It is sometimes difficult to explain how geriatricians are different than other physicians. Yes we deal with diseases and syndromes like Dementia, weight loss, transitions of care that other physicians don't like to manage. But there is something more and I always had a hard time succinctly explaining it. I decided to use the idea of a GPS to explain how qualitatively Geriatricians are different.
First, most physicians have very disease/organ focused view of health. The right way to treat a heart that is failing is determined by studies and guidelines. But for geriatricians there are a number of things we consider in addition that are very patient oriented. On the continuum of therapeutic and palliative goals, what does the patient want us to accomplish? How is health, quality of life, suffering and risk defined? These are questions that patients can only answer for themselves. Geriatricians call this goals of care. In addition to efficacy questions that most physicians ask, geriatricians take into account life expectancy (will patients live long enough to see a benefit), what is the potential harm (risk) and is that tolerable to a patient (pain tolerance), what is the real likelihood of a treatment creating benefit (is it worth it) and is a treatment worth the pain (combining risk and benefit). By thinking of goals first and using them as an anchor (or destination in my GPS analogy), fitting evidence to patient oriented goals and limits, interventions become more rational.
Here are some big picture stats:
1/3 of severely ill Medicare patients with palliative goals feel that their care is too aggressive.
13% of people with severe dementia with a feeding tube got a feeding tube with no discussion between the doctor and family about whether it was even wanted.
Less than 50% of severely ill patients have an advance directive in their medical record, only 1 in 8 receive input from their physician and the vast majority of physicians are unaware of the patient's advance directive.
88% of dialysis patients never knew that home dialysis is an option
Most cardiologists that recommend ICD's never discuss the risks with the patient but feel adhering to guidelines matters more.
Not only do patients get more aggressive care than they want, sometimes patients request more aggressive care than doctors feel is in the patient's best interest. And the opposite happens as well-older patients are sometimes treated as if they are already dying and desired, effective, tolerable care gets denied due to age alone.
These stats could go on and on.
I will add four examples from my own patients. After doing what I do, I kinda assume that everyone thinks like me (why wouldn't they?!).
The first patient was a 90+ year old patient with severe dementia, bed bound, contracted, oriented to self and family but not place or time. She was at home surrounded by family. She was able to enjoy her family, eat and was pain free. She developed a sacral wound that then walled off leaving a cavity underneath healed skin. She had no fever or signs of systemic illness (normal white count). She was admitted to my inpatient unit. We consulted surgery who recommended debridement under general anesthesia as this likely went to bone. We met with the family, discussed goals, risks and time to benefit. We discussed her current quality of life, her goal of comfort and tolerance of the risk. After getting to know the family we decided to leave the wound alone unless she became systemically ill and even then would still probably leave it alone. We discharged her home with just local wound care. I received a phone call from her quite irate family doctor who after about a half hour of discussion basically said I was not even trying to help the patient, committing her to death. When I informed him of the extensive family meetings and content, he said families don't know what is right and that physicians need to tell the families what to do. It dawned on me that this physician would rather have his patient die in the operating room or after after a painful post op wound care course that would involve institutionalization in a nursing home to get more daily advance wound care treatment than to simply focus on comfort, quality of life and calling it a day. In his mind, real physicians try to help their patients live as long as possible even if it results in catastrophic failure and fails to meet any goals.
The second patient was very similar. 90+ years old with severe dementia in a nursing home. Pt had progressive kidney disease to the point where dialysis was the "right" treatment for her kidney function. However she was asymptomatic, could even stand up and dance during music recreation time and had her friends she ate with 3 times a day. The renal doctor decided to call the son to initiate dialysis over my objections saying that without dialysis she would die. Despite my objections that dialysis could kill her sooner, make her feel worse, make her spend less time enjoying her life even if she lived longer, the nephrologist convinced the son to put in a dialysis catheter. One week later, the patient got septic and died from a catheter infection. Again, "at least she tried."
The third patient was an office patient, also in his 90's. He was diagnosed with severe heart failure and was hospitalized 3-4 times in 6 months. He was also diagnosed with metastatic melanoma. He had a fall and minor hip fracture not requiring surgery. During one of the hospitalizations, his cardiologist walked into his room and recommended an implantable defibrillator saying that "it would help" him. No further discussion. So the next day, he had a $50,000, 10 year device placed. When I saw him in the office I asked him what he hoped it would accomplish. He had no idea. I had a very frank discussion that he was going to die in the next year either from congestion in his lungs, metastatic cancer, continued frailty/immobility or an arrhythmia. The purpose of the ICD would be to not allow him to die of the most peaceful way (the arrhythmia). He said that he didn't want it, I emailed the cardiologist who agreed to turn it off and it became a $50,000 oops. (I got paid $100 tops for the discussion). The unfortunate thing was although he signed on to hospice, the cardiologist stopped seeing him and didn't turn off the defibrillator. Fortunately, 6 months later he did die without the device ever firing. But at least the cardiologist "tried."
The last patient was a 90+ year old bed bound patient with severe dementia at my nursing home. She was unable to talk, did not recognize herself. She had end stage renal disease. She had severe daily arthritis pain and sedation from pain medications. She had a heel wound as well. She went to the hospital for fever or shortness of breath (I don't remember), coded (vfib arrest), was shocked back into sinus rhythm but had to be intubated and was sent to the ICU. So now my 90+ year old patient has end stage dementia, end stage renal disease, severe daily arthritis, respiratory failure on a vent, s/p cardiac arrest and has a heel wound. A surgeon came over and recommended a below the knee amputation under general anesthesia. Infectious disease, vascular, the critical care doctor and the family agreed. Despite my phone calls over 2 days, the surgery went on as scheduled. The next day after the amputation she died on a ventilator in the ICU. At no point did anyone else consider hitting the breaks. At least the vascular surgeon "tried."
So what's my point? Without an anchoring in goals, the amazing things we can do with medicine is like a fast exotic car with no brake pedal, steering wheel or destination in mind. We do a lot, sometimes it is too much, too little and often ineffective for what matters to patients.
I leave you with my attempt at a cartoon.
Health care with geriatricians...
Health care without geriatricians...
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